Mechanical Behavior of Superalloys
The superalloys are ductile in nature however cobalt based superalloys have lower ductility as compare to iron-nickel and nickel based superalloys. The short period tensile ductility varies from 10% to maximum 70% but gamma’ hardened alloys have low ductility up to 40%.
The Superalloys generally have dynamic moduli of elasticity in the limit of 207 GPa or 30 x 10(6) psi, however moduli of certain polycrystalline alloys varies from 172 to 241 GPa or 25 x 10(6) to 35to 10(6) psi at room temperature on the base of alloy configuration. The dynamic measurement of elasticity moduli at the elevated temperatures is essential as the static modulus is widely affected by high temperatures and gives minor reductions on the dynamic value at a general high temperature. The static modulus may fall up to 30% with increase in temperature from room to 871oC or1600oF.
The short term tensile yield characteristics of gamma’ hardened alloys vary from 550 MPa or 80 ksi to 1380 MPa or 200 ksi at room temperature. The data depends on composition and treatment. The wrought superalloys have the maximum values with the maximum hardener content alloys providing the highest strength. Although, strength is a function of grain size and stored energy. The superalloys such as Inconel 718 or U630 can be forged for achieving extremely high yield strength. Solid solution hardened alloys like sheet Hastelloy X have smaller strength levels. The strength of superalloys varies from 690 MPa to 1520 Mpa or 100 ksi to 230 ksi at the room temperature with gamma’ hardened alloys in the high end range.
The superalloys give increased yield strength from room temperature up to a temperature of 760oC or 1400oF and then decrease with further increase in temperature. It is unlike to alloys that cause regular drop in short yield strength with increase in temperature. The mechanical strengths normally do not exhibit this behavior. Alongside, tensile ductility decreases with nominal in the limit of 649oC to 760oC or 1200oF to 1400oF.
The maximum tensile characteristics are observed in fine grain size wrought or powder metallurgy superalloys utilized in operations at the upper portion of the moderate temperature regime about 760oC or 1400oF. The maximum creep rupturing characteristics always are observed in coarser grain cast superalloys that are utilized in the elevated temperature regime. The cracking strengths are a function of time, evidently 1000 h stress potential is smaller than 100 hour potential. The creep potential is a function of extent of creep allowed in an analysis.
Following table shows temperature effect on short term mechanical behavior of wrought Nickel Superalloys
Alloys | Form | Ultimate tensile Strength | Yield strength at 0.2% offset at | Tensile extension % at | |||||||||||||
21oC or 70oF | 540oC or 1000oF | 760oC or 1400oF | 21oC or 70oF | 540oC or 1000oF | 760oC or 1400oF | 21oC or 70oF | 540oC or 1000oF | 760oC or 1400oF | |||||||||
Mpa | ksi | Mpa | ksi | Mpa | ksi | Mpa | ksi | Mpa | ksi | Mpa | ksi | ||||||
Nickel based alloys | |||||||||||||||||
Hastelloy C 22 | sheet | 800 | 116 | 625 | 91 | 525 | 76 | 405 | 59 | 275 | 40 | 240 | 35 | 57 | 61 | 63 | |
Hastelloy G30 | sheet | 690 | 100 | 490 | 71 | – | – | 315 | 46 | 170 | 25 | – | – | 64 | 75 | – | |
Hastelloy S | Bar | 845 | 130 | 775 | 112 | 575 | 84 | 455 | 65 | 340 | 49 | 310 | 45 | 49 | 50 | 70 | |
Hastelloy X | sheet | 785 | 114 | 650 | 94 | 435 | 63 | 360 | 52 | 290 | 42 | 260 | 38 | 43 | 45 | 37 | |
Inconel 600 | Bar | 660 | 96 | 560 | 81 | 260 | 38 | 285 | 41 | 220 | 32 | 180 | 26 | 45 | 41 | 70 | |
Inconel 601 | Sheet | 740 | 107 | 725 | 105 | 290 | 42 | 455 | 66 | 350 | 51 | 220 | 32 | 40 | 34 | 78 | |
Inconel 617 | Bar | 740 | 107 | 580 | 84 | 440 | 64 | 295 | 43 | 200 | 29 | 180 | 26 | 70 | 68 | 84 | |
Inconel 617 | Sheet | 770 | 112 | 590 | 86 | 470 | 68 | 345 | 50 | 230 | 33 | 230 | 33 | 55 | 62 | 59 | |
Inconel 625 | Bar | 965 | 140 | 910 | 132 | 550 | 80 | 490 | 71 | 415 | 60 | 415 | 60 | 50 | 50 | 45 | |
Inconel 706 | Bar | 1310 | 190 | 1145 | 166 | 725 | 105 | 1005 | 146 | 910 | 132 | 660 | 96 | 20 | 19 | 32 | |
Inconel 718 | Bar | 1435 | 208 | 1275 | 185 | 950 | 138 | 1185 | 172 | 1065 | 154 | 740 | 107 | 21 | 18 | 25 | |
Inconel 718 aging | Bar | 1530 | 222 | 1350 | 196 | – | – | 1365 | 198 | 1180 | 171 | – | – | 16 | 15 | – | |
Inconel 718 Super | Bar | 1350 | 196 | 1200 | 174 | – | – | 1105 | 160 | 1020 | 148 | – | – | 16 | 18 | – | |
Inconel X750 | bar | 1200 | 174 | 1050 | 152 | – | – | 815 | 118 | 725 | 105 | – | – | 27 | 26 | – | |
NImonic 75 | bar | 745 | 108 | 675 | 98 | 310 | 45 | 285 | 41 | 200 | 29 | 160 | 23 | 40 | 40 | 67 | |
Nimonic 80A | bar | 1000 | 145 | 875 | 127 | 600 | 87 | 620 | 90 | 530 | 77 | 505 | 73 | 39 | 37 | 17 | |
NImonic 90 | bar | 1235 | 179 | 1075 | 156 | 655 | 95 | 810 | 117 | 725 | 105 | 540 | 78 | 33 | 28 | 12 | |
Pyromet 860 | bar | 1295 | 188 | 1255 | 182 | 910 | 132 | 835 | 121 | 840 | 122 | 835 | 121 | 22 | 15 | 18 | |
Rene 41 | Bar | 1420 | 206 | 1400 | 203 | 1105 | 160 | 1060 | 154 | 1020 | 147 | 940 | 136 | 14 | 14 | 11 | |
Rene 95 | Bar | 1620 | 235 | 1550 | 224 | 1170 | 170 | 1310 | 190 | 1255 | 182 | 1100 | 160 | 15 | 12 | 15 | |
Udimet 400 | bar | 1310 | 190 | 1185 | 172 | – | – | 930 | 135 | 830 | 120 | – | – | 30 | 26 | – |